The exact cause of asthma is not yet fully understood, but it is believed to be a combination of genetic and environmental factors. Some risk factors include:

• Genetic factors: People with close relatives who have asthma or allergies are more likely to develop the disease.
• Exposure to allergens: Dust mites, pollen, pet dander, and mold are some of the most common allergens that can trigger asthma attacks.
• Air pollution: Exposure to air pollution can worsen asthma symptoms and increase the risk of developing the disease.

Symptoms and airflow limitation can vary over time and in intensity. These variations are usually triggered by factors such as exercise, exposure to allergens, climate changes, or respiratory infections:

• Shortness of breath: difficulty breathing, a feeling of not being able to get enough air;
• Cough: dry cough or cough with phlegm, especially at night or after physical activity;
• Wheezing: a high-pitched, whistling sound when breathing, usually more noticeable when exhaling;
• Chest tightness: a feeling of pressure or tightness in the chest;
• Other symptoms: fatigue, anxiety, difficulty sleeping, and limitations in daily activities.

Asthma treatment has two goals: to control symptoms and prevent attacks and loss of lung function. Approaches include controller and reliever medications, recommended by the doctor according to the severity of the disease.

• Controllers: These medications are indicated to reduce airway inflammation, control symptoms, and prevent attacks;
  

  This category includes corticosteroids (inhaled and oral), long-acting bronchodilators, and biologics. 

  Current treatment guidelines recommend that controller therapies combine bronchodilators and inhaled corticosteroids.

• Relievers: These are indicated for rapid symptom relief and reversal of bronchoconstriction, such as short-acting bronchodilators.